Russian police have detained more than 2,000 people during nationwide protests in support of jailed opposition leader Alexei Navalny, monitors say.
Tens of thousands of people defied a heavy police presence to join the rallies, a huge show of defiance against President Vladimir Putin.
In Moscow, riot police were seen beating and dragging away protesters.
Mr Navalny, President Putin’s most high-profile critic, called for protests after his arrest last weekend.
He was detained on 17 January after he flew back to Moscow from Berlin, where he had been recovering from a near-fatal nerve agent attack in Russia last August.
On his return, he was immediately taken into custody and found guilty of violating parole conditions. He says it is a trumped-up case designed to silence him, and has called on his supporters to protest.
Prior to the rallies, Russian authorities had promised a tough crackdown, with police saying any unauthorised demonstrations and provocations would be “immediately suppressed”. Several of Mr Navalny’s close aides, including his spokeswoman Kira Yarmysh, were arrested earlier in the week.
Who is Russia’s vociferous Putin critic?
‘Let him go!’ – Navalny activists defy bitter cold
OVD Info, an independent NGO that monitors rallies, said more than 2,100 people had been detained during protests, more than 700 of them in Moscow alone.
Mr Navalny’s wife, Yulia, said she had been detained at a protest and later released.
Teenagers were among the many Navalny supporters who joined the demonstration in Moscow’s central Pushkin Square. They were later forced by police to disperse to neighbouring streets.
Russia’s interior ministry said 4,000 had turned up in Moscow, but opposition sources and reporters on the ground say it was in the tens of thousands.
Among them was Lyubov Sobol, a prominent aide of Mr Navalny who had already been fined for urging Russians to join the protests. She tweeted a video of police roughly pulling her away from an interview with reporters.
Момент задержания Любови Соболь pic.twitter.com/8Qr0xjhoDG
— Соболь Любовь (@SobolLubov) January 23, 2021
The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites.View original tweet on Twitter
1px transparent line
Mr Navalny’s wife, Yulia, also said she was being held by police at the same protest, posting an image on her Instagram account with the caption: “Apologies for the poor quality. Very bad light in the police van.”
View this post on Instagram
A post shared by @yulia_navalnaya
1px transparent line
https://2100.intervarsity.org/sites/2100/files/webform/ufc-257-live-stream.pdf
https://2100.intervarsity.org/sites/2100/files/webform/poirie-vs-mcgregor-full-fight-live-stream.pdf
https://2100.intervarsity.org/sites/2100/files/webform/ufc-257-live-stream-free.pdf
https://2100.intervarsity.org/sites/2100/files/webform/ufc-257-poirie-vs-mcgregor-2-live-stream.pdf
https://2100.intervarsity.org/sites/2100/files/webform/ufc-257-live-free.pdf
https://2100.intervarsity.org/sites/2100/files/webform/poirie-vs-mcgregor-2-live-stream.pdf
https://2100.intervarsity.org/sites/2100/files/webform/baylor-vs-oklahoma-state-live-stream.pdf
https://2100.intervarsity.org/sites/2100/files/webform/baylor-vs-oklahoma-state-live-stream-free.pdf
https://2100.intervarsity.org/sites/2100/files/webform/minnesota-vs-maryland-live-stream.pdf
https://2100.intervarsity.org/sites/2100/files/webform/minnesota-vs-maryland-live-stream-free.pdf
https://2100.intervarsity.org/sites/2100/files/webform/villanova-vs-providence-live-stream.pdf
https://2100.intervarsity.org/sites/2100/files/webform/villanova-vs-providence-live-stream-free.pdf
https://2100.intervarsity.org/sites/2100/files/webform/clemson-vs-florida-state-live-stream.pdf
https://2100.intervarsity.org/sites/2100/files/webform/clemson-vs-florida-state-live-stream-free.pdf
https://2100.intervarsity.org/sites/2100/files/webform/ohio-state-vs-wisconsin-live-stream.pdf
https://2100.intervarsity.org/sites/2100/files/webform/west-virginia-vs-kansas-state-live-stream.pdf
https://www.posts123.com/post/1319032/gvnghjmgjgyjgyjug
https://paiza.io/projects/0eBPkNIiinOEru6vvKBLpQ
Prominent Navalny activists are also being held in the cities of Vladivostok, Novosibirsk and Krasnodar.
2px presentational grey line
At the scene – by Steve Rosenberg, Moscow correspondent
Moscow’s Pushkin square is packed with anti-government protesters. “Freedom to Navalny” they’re chanting, “Putin go away!”
There are long lines of riot police around the square and down Moscow’s main street, Tverskaya, less than a mile from the Kremlin.
“This is an illegal gathering” the police are announcing through loudspeakers, “please leave.”
There’s a cacophony of car horns sounded by drivers passing the square, a show of support for the protesters.
One driver had hung a pair of underpants out of his car window, a reference to Mr Navalny’s poisoning. The Novichok nerve agent had allegedly been applied to Alexei Navalny’s underwear.
One woman in the crowd told me she decided to take part in the protest because “Russia has been turned into a prison camp,” and to support the country’s most prominent opposition figure, who is behind bars.
2px presentational grey line
Russia’s Far East saw some of the first protests on Saturday, with people braving the extreme cold in a show of support for Mr Navalny.
Attendees at a small protest in the Siberian city of Yakutsk saw temperatures dip as low as -50C (-58F).
One independent news source, Sota, said at least 3,000 people had joined a demonstration in the city of Vladivostok but local authorities there put the figure at 500.
AFP footage showed riot police in Vladivostok running into a crowd, and beating some of the protesters with batons.
Police detain a woman during a rally in support of jailed opposition leader Alexei Navalny in downtown Moscow on January 23, 2021image copyrightAFP
image captionPolice started breaking up groups of protesters before the protest began in Moscow’s Pushkin Square
Law enforcement officers stand guard during a rally in support of jailed Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny in Yakutsk, Russia January 23, 2021image copyrightReuters
image captionProtesters – and police – braved freezing conditions in Yakutsk
Meanwhile, there were reports of disruption to mobile phone and internet coverage in Russia on Saturday – though it is not known if this is related to the protests.
The social media app TikTok had been flooded with videos promoting the demonstrations and sharing viral messages about Mr Navalny.
In response, Russia’s official media watchdog, Roskomnadzor, demanded that TikTok take down any information “encouraging minors to act illegally”, threatening large fines.
Russia’s education ministry has also told parents not to allow their children to attend any demonstrations.
In a push to gain support ahead of the protests, Mr Navalny’s team released a video about a luxury Black Sea resort that they allege belongs to President Putin – an accusation denied by the Kremlin.
The video has been watched by more than 65m people.